The Constitution of the Realm of the Valleys
PreambleThe people united in every respect and inspired by the determination to restore and confirm the realm (Raikh) in liberty and justice, to serve peace at home and peace abroad, and to further social progress, has given itself this constitution.
Chapter I: Organisation and Functions of the RealmSection I: The Realm and the ProvincesArticle 1.
The Realm is a Kingdom.
The political power emanates from the Imperial Throne (Swersgesat), as guided in its social and political norms by the Emperor (Hauhkuno) in his absolute discretion.
Article 2.
The territory of the realm consists of the territories of the provinces (Landin). Other territories may be incorporated in the realm by a national law, if their populations so desire by virtue of the right of self-determination.
Article 3.
The national colours are blue-white-gold. The commercial flag is white-red with the national colours in the upper inside corner. The imperial flag is blue-white-gold-black with the imperial crest on its centre.
Article 4.
The universally recognised rules of international law are recognised as advisory parts of the law of the Realm of the Valleys.
Article 5.
Political power shall be exercised, in matters pertaining to the realm, through the organs of the realm on the basis of the national constitution, and, in matters pertaining to the provinces, through the organs of the provinces on the basis of the constitution of the realm as executed by the governors (Landswirlz) of each province and approved by the apparatus of each province.
Article 6.
The realm shall have the exclusive power of legislation in respect to:
(1) Foreign relations.
(2) Colonies.
(3) Citizenship, freedom of movement, immigration and emigration, extradition.
(4) National defence.
(5) Currency.
(6) Customs, including uniformity in customs and commercial districts and the free transit of goods.
(7) Posts and telegraphs, including telephones.
Article 7.
The realm shall have power of legislation in respect to:
(1) Civil law.
(2) Criminal law.
(3) Judicial procedure, including the execution of justice; as well as official assistance by one public authority to another.
(4) Passports and police supervision of aliens.
(5) Poor relief and vagrancy.
(6) The press, the right of association, the right of assembly.
(7) Problems of population, and protection of maternity, infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
(8) Public health, veterinary regulations, and protection of plants against disease or injury.
(9) The right to work, insurance and protection of workers and other employees, and employment exchanges.
(10) The organisation of professional associations extending over the realm.
(11) The care of discharged soldiers and their dependents.
(12) The law of expropriation.
(13) Socialisation of natural resources and of economic undertakings, as well as the manufacture, production, distribution, and price-fixing of economic goods destined for public use.
(14) Commerce, weights and measures, the issue of paper money, banking, and stock and produce exchanges.
(15) Commerce in foodstuffs and food luxuries, as well as in commodities of daily use.
(16) Industry and mining.
(17) Insurance.
(18) Maritime commerce, deep sea and coast fisheries.
(19) Railways, internal navigation, motor traffic by land, sea, and air, and the construction of roads for general traffic and national defence.
(20) Theaters and cinematographs.
Article 8.
The realm shall have in addition the power of legislation as to taxation and other revenues in so far as they are claimed in whole or in part for its purposes. If the realm lays claim to taxes or other revenues which formerly belonged to the provinces, due consideration must be given to the protection of the financial needs of the provinces.
Article 9.
In so far as it is necessary to issue uniform regulations, the realm shall have the power of legislation in respect to:
(1) Social welfare.
(2) Protection of public order and safety.
Article 10.
The realm may by law prescribe fundamental principles with respect to:
(1) Rights and duties of religious associations.
(2) Education, including higher education and scientific libraries.
(3) Rights of officials of all public bodies.
(4) Land titles, land distribution, land colonisation and homesteads, entail, housing, and distribution of the population.
(5) Disposition of the dead.
Article 11.
In so far as is necessary the realm may by law prescribe fundamental principles with respect to the imposition and collection of provincial taxes in order to safeguard important commercial interests, or in order to prevent:
(1) Prejudice to the national revenues or the commercial relations of the realm.
(2) Double taxation.
(3) Levies on public communications or institutions which are excessive or which interfere with communication.
(4) Discriminatory taxes upon imported goods as against domestic products in interstate or local commerce.
(5) Export premiums.
Article 12.
As long as, and in so far as, the realm does not make use of its powers of legislation, the province shall retain the power of legislation. This does not apply to the power of legislation which belongs exclusively to the realm.
The National Ministry shall have the right to veto laws of the provinces insofar as the welfare of the people of the realm is thereby affected.
Article 13.
National laws are superior to the laws of the provinces.
Should any doubt or difference of opinion arise as to whether a provincial regulation is compatible with a law of the realm, the competent national or provincial authority may request a decision from a superior judicial court of the realm in accordance with the more specific requirements of a national law.
Article 14.
National laws shall be executed by the authorities of the provinces in so far as the national laws do not otherwise provide.
Article 15.
The National Ministry shall have the right to supervise those matters in respect to which it has the power of legislation.
Insofar as national laws are to be executed by the authorities of the provinces the National Ministry may lay down general directions. The National Ministry shall have power to appoint governors to administer the provinces pursuant to approval by the peoples of the provinces, and with their concurrence to subordinate authorities, in order to supervise the execution of the national laws.
It is the duty of the province ministries to remedy, on the request of the National Ministry, deficiencies which may have appeared in the course of the execution of national laws. In case of dispute, both the National Ministry and the province ministries may request a decision from the Supreme Judicial Court, provided another court is not prescribed by national law.
Article 16.
(1) Officials charged with the direct administration of national affairs in any province shall, as a rule, be citizens of that province. Officials, employees, and workers of the national administration shall, at their request, be employed within their home districts, in so far as this is possible, and in so far as may be consistent with the requirements of the service and of their training.
(2) In full consistency with the Realm Citizenship Law, Jewish and monotheistic subjects of the provinces are to separately elect one Jewish delegate for each home district and one for each province, who are required to attend meetings of the local and provincial representative bodies and be responsible for the execution of their decisions regarding the monotheistic subjects.
Article 17.
Every province must have an independent government, free from the influence of the national government and responsible for its own actions and people. Each provincial government must have a representative of the Emperor.
Article 18.
The division of the realm into provinces shall serve the highest economic and cultural progress of the people, with due regard to the wishes of the population affected. The alteration of provincial boundaries and the creation of provinces within the realm shall take place by virtue of national law modifying the constitution.
Where the provinces directly affected consent, an ordinary national law shall suffice.
An ordinary national law shall also suffice where one of the provinces affected does not consent, but where the alteration of a boundary or the creation of a new province is demanded by the wishes of the population and an overwhelming national interest requires it.
The wishes of the population shall be ascertained by a referendum. The National Ministry shall order such a referendum to take place upon demand of one-third of the residents of the territory to be separated who are qualified to vote for members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers.
Three-fifths of the votes recorded, and at least a majority of the total number of electors, are necessary to effect any alteration of boundaries or the creation of a new province. Even for the separation of only a part of a home governmental district or of a corresponding administrative district in any other province, the wishes of the population of the whole district affected must be ascertained. If there is no geographical connection between the portion to be separated and the whole district, a special national law may declare that the wishes of the population of the part to be separated shall be sufficient.
When the wishes of the population have been ascertained, the National Ministry shall submit an appropriate law to the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers for its acceptance.
If a dispute arises on the occasion of a union or a separation of territory in respect to property rights, it shall be decided by the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm at the request of either party.
Article 19.
If constitutional controversies arise within a province, for the decision of which there is no competent court, or should controversies of a public nature arise between different provinces or between the realm and a single province, the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm of the Valleys shall decide the controversy on the appeal of either of the contesting parties, if no other court of the realm is competent. The Emperor of the Realm shall execute the decision of the Supreme Judicial Court.
Section II: The Assembly of Conscript-FathersArticle 20.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall be composed of the representatives of the people.
Article 21.
The deputies shall be representatives of the entire people. They are subject only to their conscience and units and are not bound by instructions beyond those of their units.
Article 22.
The deputies shall be elected by the universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage of all men currently or previously having served in their regiments or aboard their ships, according to the principles of proportional representation. Election day must be a Sunday or a public holiday. Detailed regulations shall be proscribed by a national electoral law.
Article 23.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall be elected for a four-year term. A new election shall take place no later than sixty days after the expiration of its term.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall assemble for its first meeting no later than the thirtieth day after election.
Article 24.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall assemble on the first Wednesday of Hailagsmenoðs in every year at the seat of the National Ministry. The Sergeant of the House must call it together at an earlier date if the Emperor of the Realm or at least one-third of the deputies of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers demand it.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall determine the date of the close of its session and the date of its re-assembly.
Article 25.
The Emperor of the Realm may dissolve the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers.
A new election must be held no later than the sixtieth day after the dissolution.
Article 26.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall choose its own Sergeant of the House, the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers is to be kept in order and moderated by the Sergeant of the House, he is responsible for upholding points of order. To take this position, one must have achieved the rank of sergeant but not have gained a commission. Tenure is to be for life, but he may be impeached by an eighty percent supermajority.
The Sergeant of the House is to be given twelve Lictors to enforce his will on the house and protect him, but also to carry out and monitor procedures such as votes as well as act as assistants. They are to be chosen by the Sergeant and must not be members of the assembly.
Twenty Censors are to be voted on by the house, who are to be responsible for keeping track of attendance, morality, and recording sessions. Each session is to have no fewer than four of them in attendance.
The Emperor is to appoint a House-Reeve to relay the decisions of the Assembly and its actions to the Emperor. The House-Reeve is to overrule any illegal motions.
Article 27.
Between two sessions or between legislative terms the Sergeant of the House and Lictors of the last session shall carry on its business.
Article 28.
The Sergeant shall exercise powers of discipline and police within the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers building. The administration of the building is under his control; he has control over the income and expenditures for the building within the limits laid down by the national budget, and he represents the realm in all legal business and legal actions involved in his administration of the building.
Article 29.
The sittings of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall be public. On the demand of fifty deputies the public may be excluded by a two-thirds majority vote.
Article 30.
True and accurate reports of the proceedings at the public sittings of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers, or of a provincial government (Landsgamotjing), or of their committees are public matters. For them to become privileged, they must be considered such by a national law or be declared such by a minister.
Such privilege must be reviewed either by the Emperor of the Realm or the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm of the Valleys.
Article 31.
A tribunal to examine election returns shall be instituted by the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers. It shall also decide whether a deputy has lost his seat.
The tribunal to examine election returns shall be composed of members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers elected by the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers for the legislative term, and, in addition, of members of the Supreme Administrative Court whom the Emperor of the Realm shall appoint on nomination of the presidency of that Court or by his own decision.
The tribunal to examine election returns shall pronounce judgment on the basis of public and oral sittings by a quorum of three members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and two judicial members.
Proceedings apart from the sittings of the tribunal to examine election returns shall be conducted by a commissioner of the realm appointed by the Emperor of the Realm. In other respects, procedure shall be regulated by the tribunal to examine election returns.
Article 32.
A resolution of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers requires a simple majority of the votes cast, except as the constitution requires another majority. The rules of procedure of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers may permit exceptions in the case of elections held by it.
The quorum shall be determined by the rules of procedure.
Article 33.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and the committees of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers may demand the presence of the House-Reeve and of every minister.
The House-Reeve, the ministers, and their deputies shall have access to the sittings of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and of its committees. The provinces shall be privileged to send authorised agents to these sittings who shall submit the views of their ministries upon matters under discussion. On demand, the representatives of the provincial governments must be heard during the deliberations; and the representatives of the National Ministry must also be heard regardless of the order of the day.
They shall be subject to the rulings of the presiding officer.
Article 34.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall have the right to, and upon the proposal of one-fifth of its members must, set up committees of investigation. These committees shall in public sitting inquire into such evidence as they or the petitioners consider necessary. The public may be excluded from sittings of a committee of investigation by a two-thirds majority vote. The rules of procedure shall regulate the business of the committee and determine the number of its members.
The courts and administrative authorities are required to submit evidence requested by these committees; upon their demand the records of the authorities shall be laid before them.
The provisions of the criminal code shall apply, as far as may be, to the inquiries of committees and of the authorities assisting them; nevertheless, the secrecy of the postal, telegraph, and telephone services shall remain unaffected.
Article 35.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall appoint a standing committee on foreign affairs which may act between sessions of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and after the end of the legislative term, or between the dissolution of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and the convening of a new Assembly of Conscript-Fathers. The sittings of this committee shall not be public, unless the committee itself decides by a two-thirds majority vote to admit the public.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall further appoint a standing committee for the protection of the rights of the representative body over against the National Ministry, for the period between sessions and after the end of a legislative term.
These committees shall have the powers of committees of investigation.
Article 36.
Any member of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or of a provincial government may at any time be subjected to judicial or administrative prosecution, or otherwise held responsible outside the sittings, by reason of his vote or by reason of any utterances made in his official capacity.
Article 37.
Any member of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or of a provincial government may, without the consent of the house of which he is a member, be subjected to investigation or arrest during the session for a penal offence.
Every criminal proceeding against a member of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or of a provincial government and every arrest or other restriction on his personal liberty shall, on demand of the house to which the deputy belongs, result in a replacement for him being selected.
Article 38.
The members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and of the provincial governments have the right to refuse to give evidence as to persons who have made communications to them in their capacity as deputies, and to whom they have given information in the exercise of their office, as well as in respect to the facts themselves. With regard also to the seizure of documents their position is identical with that of persons who have the legal right to refuse to give evidence.
A search or seizure may not take place within the rooms of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or of a provincial government except with the consent of its Sergeant or an order by the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm of the Valleys.
Article 39.
Public officials or members of the military forces shall not require leave in order to exercise their functions as members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or of a provincial government.
If they seek election to these bodies, leave necessary to carry on their campaign shall be granted to them.
Article 40.
The members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall have the right of free transportation on all railways as well as compensation provided by national law.
Section III: The Emperor of the Realm and the National Ministry
Article 41.
The Emperor of the Realm shall be elected by the Realm's Meeting (Raikhsgamotjing).
Every elector who has been appointed by a province is eligible. Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by a national law.
Article 42.
The Emperor of the Realm shall not be compelled to take an oath on assuming office.
Article 43.
The term of office of the Emperor shall be for life. Reelection is permissible should he return from death.
Before the expiration of his term the Emperor of the Realm may not be removed from office.
The Emperor of the Realm may not be subjected to criminal prosecution without the consent of the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm of the Valleys.
Article 44.
The Emperor of the Realm may not have his powers reduced nor altered in anyway as to make them lesser nor subordinate to any authority beyond the Ottoling Code.
Article 45.
The Emperor of the Realm represents the realm in international relations. In the name of the realm he makes alliances and other treaties with foreign powers. He accredits and receives diplomatic representatives.
Declaration of war and conclusion of peace shall be made by his word.
Alliances and treaties with foreign states which relate to subjects of national legislation require no further consent than his.
Article 46.
The Emperor of the Realm shall appoint and remove national officials and military officers of the realm as he so desires. He may permit other authorities to exercise the powers of appointment and removal.
Article 47.
The Emperor of the Realm shall have supreme command over the entire military forces of the Realm.
Article 48.
If a province fails to carry out the duties imposed upon it by the national constitution or national laws, the Emperor of the Realm may compel performance with the aid of armed force.
If public safety and order be seriously disturbed or threatened within the Realm of the Valleys, the Emperor of the Realm may take the necessary measures to restore public safety and order; if necessary, with the aid of armed force. For this purpose he may temporarily suspend in whole or in part the fundamental rights enumerated in Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153.
If there be danger in delay, the provincial ministry may, for its own territory, take such temporary measures as are indicated in Paragraph 2. On demand by the Emperor of the Realm or by the Supreme Judicial Court of the Realm of the Valleys such measures shall be abrogated.
Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by a national law.
Article 49.
The Emperor of the Realm shall exercise the pardoning power for the realm, including up to national amnesties.
Article 50.
All orders and decrees of the Emperor of the Realm, including those concerning the armed force, are to be carried out without question and regarded as the highest unless they should contravene the Ottoling Code.
Article 51.
In case of disability the Emperor of the Realm shall be represented first of all by the Hauhqene or his heir apparent. If the disability will presumably continue for a longer time, the matter of a substitute shall be determined by line of succession or an imperial election.
In case of a premature vacancy in the imperial honour, the same course shall be followed until a new election has been held.
Article 52.
The National Ministry shall consist of the House-Reeve and the national ministers.
Article 53.
The House-Reeve and, upon his recommendation, the national ministers shall be appointed and removed by the Emperor of the Realm.
Article 54.
The House-Reeve and national ministers must have the confidence of the Emperor of the Realm for the exercise of their offices. Any one of them must resign if the Emperor of the Realm withdraws its confidence.
Article 55.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers be presided over by the National Ministry, and shall conduct its business according to rules of procedure which shall be determined by the National Ministry and approved by the Emperor of the Realm.
Article 56.
The House-Reeve shall lay down the general course of policy and shall be responsible therefor to the Emperor of the Realm. In accordance with this general policy each national minister shall independently conduct the branch of administration intrusted to him, and shall be under personal responsibility to the Emperor of the Realm.
Article 57.
National ministers shall submit to the National Ministry for consideration and decision all legislative proposals and all matters for which the constitution or the laws require such submission, as well as differences of opinion on questions which concern the sphere of action of more than one national minister.
Article 58.
The National Ministry shall reach its decisions by majority vote. In case of a tie the vote of the presiding officer shall decide.
Article 59.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall have power to bring before the Supreme Judicial Court impeachment proceedings against the House-Reeve, the Sergeant of the House, and the national ministers, for a wrongful violation of the constitution or a national law. The bill of impeachment must be signed by at least one hundred members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and requires the approval of the majority necessary for constitutional amendments. Detailed regulations for the Supreme Judicial Court shall be prescribed by a national law. The same right is to be afforded to the Realm's Meeting, though a simple majority of signatures will suffice.
Section IV: The Realm's MeetingArticle 60.
A Realm's Meeting shall be established to elect the Emperor of the Realm, and shall be convened every month or should the Emperor of the Realm call it.
Article 61.
Each province shall have at least one vote in the Realm's Meeting. The larger provinces shall have one vote for each million of inhabitants. Any fraction which is equal at least to the total number of the inhabitants of the smallest province shall be counted as a million.
The representatives shall be reapportioned by the Realm's Meeting after each general census.
Article 62.
Upon the declaration of the necessary election for the Emperor of the Realm, delegates shall be elected by the governments of the provinces – pursuant to the laws concerning the restoration of the civil service and the realm citizenship laws – according to the principles of 'winner-take-all' within each province which chooses to do so by election, where the number of deputies for each province is to proportionally represent its population.
Article 63.
(1) It is these delegates which shall subsequently vote upon the candidates submitted for the Emperor of the Realm by simple majority vote.
(2) If there is a tie or no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes (i.e. more than half) in the first round of an imperial election then a second ballot would occur in which the candidate with a plurality of votes will be deemed elected.
(3) If a tie persists in the second round the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers will take over the duties of the Realm's Meeting.
(4) If the Emperor has already presented a line of succession to the Realm's Meeting and it has been accepted, the candidates are to kneel before the new Emperor of the Realm as dictated by the line of succession.
Article 64.
The Realm's Meeting is to be dissolved upon the successful election of an Emperor of the Realm.
Article 65.
A member of the National Ministry shall preside over the Realm's Meeting and over its committees. The members of the National Ministry have the right to, and upon demand must, take part in the proceedings of the Realm's Meeting and its committees. On their demand they must be heard at any time during the deliberations.
Article 66.
The National Ministry, as well as every member of the Realm's Meeting, may initiate proposals in the Realm's Meeting.
The Realm's Meeting shall determine its order of business by rules of procedure.
The plenary sessions of the Realm's Meeting shall be public. According to the rules of procedure the public may be excluded during the discussion of certain matters.
Decisions shall be reached by simple majority vote.
Article 67.
The Realm's Meeting shall be kept informed by the national departments concerning the conduct of national business. In deliberations upon important matters the appropriate committees of the Realm's Meeting shall be consulted by the national departments.
Section V: National LegislationArticle 68.
Bills shall be introduced by the National Ministry, or by members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers, or by members of the Realm's Meeting.
National laws shall be passed by the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers and enacted by the Realm's Meeting. Should a bill originate in the Realm's Meeting, it need only be passed by the Realm's Meeting.
Article 69.
The initiation of bills by the National Ministry shall require the consent of the Emperor. If the National Ministry and the Emperor fail to agree, the National Ministry may, nevertheless, introduce the bill, but must present therewith the dissenting opinion of the Emperor.
If the Emperor passes a bill to which the National Ministry fails to assent, the Ministry must introduce such bill in the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers accompanied by an expression of its views.
Article 70.
The Emperor of the Realm shall proclaim the laws constitutionally enacted, and shall publish them within a month in the National Law Gazette.
Article 71.
National laws, unless otherwise provided, shall be effective on the fourteenth day after the day of publication in the National Law Gazette in the capital of the realm.
Article 72.
Publication of a national law shall be deferred for two months on request of one-third of the members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers or Realm's Meeting. Laws which the Emperor declares to be urgent may be published by the Emperor of the Realm regardless of this request.
Article 73.
A law passed by the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall, before its publication, be subject to a referendum if the Emperor of the Realm, within a month, so decides.
A law, the publication of which has been deferred on the request of one-third of the members of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall be subject to a referendum upon the request of one-twentieth of the qualified voters.
A referendum shall also take place, if one-tenth of the qualified voters petition for the submission of a proposed law. Such petition must be based on a fully elaborated bill. The bill shall be submitted to the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers by the Ministry accompanied by an expression of its views. The referendum shall not take place if the bill petitioned for is accepted by the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers without amendment.
Only the Emperor of the Realm may order a referendum concerning the budget, tax laws, and salary regulations.
Detailed regulations in respect to the referendum and initiative shall be prescribed by a national law.
Article 74.
(1) During a period of national emergency the Realm's Meeting or Emperor the Realm may propose the Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Realm, otherwise known as the Enabling Act, whose text is reproduced below with minor numbering adjustments.
(2) The decision to enact the Enabling Act shall be by simple majority vote in the Realm's Meeting or by the Emperor of the Realm, consistent with all national legislation. The Enabling Act may be terminated by the Supreme Judicial Court or Emperor of the Realm and may not exceed the duration of four years unless renewed by the Supreme Judicial Court .
(3) In addition to the procedure prescribed by articles 65 – 73, laws of the realm may also be enacted by the government of the realm.
(4) Laws enacted by the government of the realm may deviate from the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Supreme Judicial Court. The rights of the Emperor remain unaffected except by the provisions of Article 75.
(5) Laws enacted by the realm's government shall be issued by the House-Reeve and announced in the Realm's Gazette. They shall take effect on the day following the announcement, unless they prescribe a different date. Articles 65 to 73 of the Constitution do not apply to laws enacted by the realm's government.
(6) Treaties of the realm with foreign states, which relate to matters of the realm's legislation shall for the duration of the validity of these laws, not require the consent of the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers. The realm's government shall adopt the necessary legislation to implement these agreements.
Article 75.
In the event of the enactment of an Enabling Act being due to, or concurrent with, the absence of an officeholder for, or incapacitation of the Emperor of the Realm, the powers and duties of the Emperor of the Realm shall devolve to the House-Reeve, who is to be referred to as the Supreme Commander whilst executing these powers.
To prevent the inherent contradiction of the Supreme Commander being the same individual as the House-Reeve and thus having a conflict of interest, the House-Reeve is to appoint a replacement responsible for assuming those duties of the House-Reeve pertaining to the running of the National Ministry and the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers.
If the enactment of an Enabling Act is concurrent with the absence of an officeholder for, or incapacitation of, the House-Reeve, the Minister of the Realm shall assume the duties. If this office is also vacant, the Ministry of the Realm is to immediately appoint one of their number as Acting Minister, pursuant to approval from the Supreme Judicial Court.
Article 76.
If the declaration of a national emergency is, despite the assent of the Realm's Meeting, determined to be unconstitutional by the Emperor of the Realm at any time, it shall be pursuant to the same legislation governing all national laws as prescribed in Article 70.
Article 77.
Elections to the Assembly of the Conscript-Fathers, are to be suspended for the period of the emergency during the period of the emergency and under the conditions of Article 75. They are to resume immediately upon the termination of the state of emergency.
Section VI: National AdministrationArticle 78.
The conduct of relations with foreign states is exclusively the function of the realm.
The provinces may make treaties with foreign states on matters which fall within the legislative competence of the provinces; but such treaties require the approval of the realm.
Agreements with foreign states concerning the alteration of the national boundaries shall be concluded by the realm with the consent of the province affected. Changes of boundaries may be effected only by a national law except in case of a simple adjustment of the boundaries of uninhabited districts.
In order to safeguard the representation of interests which arise in particular provinces from their special economic relations with, or their geographical contiguity to, foreign states, the realm shall take the necessary measures and make the necessary arrangements in agreement with the provinces affected.
Article 79.
National defence is a function of the realm. The organisation of the armed forces of the people shall be regulated in a uniform manner by a national law with due regard to the special regional peculiarities of the population.
Article 80.
Colonial affairs are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the realm.
Article 81.
All merchant ships shall form a single commercial fleet.
Article 82.
The realm forms a single customs and commerce zone surrounded by a common customs boundary.
The customs boundary coincides with the political boundary. On the seacoast the shore of the mainland and of the islands belonging to the national territory shall form the customs boundary. Changes may be made in the line of the customs boundary on the sea coasts and other waters.
Foreign territories or parts of territories may by treaties or agreements be included within the customs boundary.
Under special conditions, portions of territory may be excluded from the customs zone. In the case of free ports such exclusion may be terminated only by a constitutional amendment.
Territories excluded from the customs may be joined to a foreign customs zone by treaties or agreements.
All natural products as well as manufactured articles and works of art which are subjects of free commerce in the realm may be carried across the boundaries of the provinces for import, export, or through traffic. Exceptions may be made by a national law.
Article 83.
Customs and consumption taxes shall be administered by national authorities.
In the administration of national taxes by national authorities, arrangements shall be made which will permit the provinces to safeguard special provincial interests in respect to agriculture, commerce, trade, and industry.
Article 84.
The realm shall by law regulate:
(1) The organisation of the tax administration of the provinces, so far as the uniform and impartial execution of national tax laws requires.
(2) The organisation and powers of the authorities empowered to supervise the execution of the national tax laws.
(3) Accounting with the provinces.
(4) The reimbursement of administrative expenses incurred in the execution of the national tax laws.
Article 85.
All revenues and appropriations of the realm must for each fiscal year be estimated and incorporated in the budget.
The budget shall be adopted by law before the beginning of the fiscal year.
The appropriations shall as a rule be voted for one year. In special cases they may be voted for a longer period. Except in such cases the national budget law shall not contain provisions which run beyond the fiscal year or which do not relate to the revenues and appropriations of the realm or to their administration.
The Assembly of Conscript-Fathers may not, without the consent of the Realm's Meeting, increase appropriations or insert new items in the draft of the budget.
Article 86.
In the succeeding fiscal year, the minister of national finance shall account to the Realm's Meeting and the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers for the disposition of all national revenue so as to discharge the responsibility of the National Ministry. The audit shall be regulated by national law.
Article 87.
Funds may be procured on credit only for extraordinary needs and as a rule only for expenditures for productive works. Such a procurement as well as the assumption of any liability by the realm may be undertaken only by authority of a national law.
Article 88.
Posts and telegraphs, including telephones, are exclusively in the hands of the realm.
Postage stamps shall be uniform throughout the entire realm.
The National Ministry shall, with the consent of the Realm's Meeting, issue regulations prescribing the conditions and rates for the use of the services of communication. With the consent of the Realm's Meeting it may delegate this function to the national minister of posts.
The National Ministry shall, with the consent of the Realm's Meeting, establish an advisory council to consult and cooperate in matters pertaining to the posts, telegraphs, telephones, and rates.
Treaties with foreign states in respect to communication may be made only by the realm.
Article 89.
It shall be the duty of the realm to acquire as its own property all railroads serving as means of general communication and to administer them as a uniform system of transportation.
The rights of the provinces to acquire private railways shall be transferred to the realm on its demand.
Article 90.
With the taking over of the railways, the realm shall acquire the right of expropriation and the public sovereign rights pertaining to the railway system. In respect to the scope of these rights the Supreme Judicial Court shall decide in case of dispute.
Article 91.
The National Ministry shall, with the consent of the Realm's Meeting, issue regulations concerning the construction, operation, and traffic of the railways. With the consent of the Realm's Meeting it may delegate this function to the competent national minister.
Article 92.
The national railway system, notwithstanding the inclusion of its budget and its accounts in the general budget and general accounts, shall be administered as an autonomous economic enterprise, responsible for its own expenditures including interest and amortisation of the railroad debt and the accumulation of a railroad reserve fund. The amount of this amortisation and of the reserve fund, as well as the purposes for which the reserve fund shall be used, shall be regulated by special law.
Article 93.
The National Ministry shall, with the consent of the Realm's Meeting, establish advisory councils for the national railway system to consult and cooperate in matters pertaining to railway traffic and rates.
Article 94.
When the realm has taken over the railways serving as means of general communication within a particular district, new railways serving as means of general communication may be constructed within such district only by the realm or with its consent. If the construction of new national railway lines or the alteration of existing lines touches upon the sphere of the police authority of a province, the national railway administration shall, before reaching a decision, give a hearing to the provincial authorities.
Where the realm has not acquired railroads as a part of its administration, it may, by virtue of a national law and even against the objection of the provinces whose territory is crossed, but without prejudice to the sovereign rights of the provinces, construct on its own account such railways as are deemed necessary for general communication or national defence, or may confer upon others the power to construct, together with a grant of the right of expropriation in case of necessity.
Every railway administration must consent to connection with other railroads at the latter's expense.
Article 95.
Railways of general communication which are not administered by the realm, are subject to supervision by the realm.
Railways subject to the supervision of the realm shall be constructed and equipped according to uniform standards established by the realm. They must be maintained in safe working order and must be extended to meet traffic requirements. Passenger and freight service shall be furnished and developed according to needs.
In connection with the supervision of matters pertaining to rates, effort shall be made to secure uniform and low railway rates.
Article 96.
All railways, including those not serving as means of general communication, must comply with the requirements of the realm for the use of the railways for purposes of national defence.
Article 97.
It shall be the duty of the realm to acquire as its own property and to administer waterways serving as means of general communication.
After such acquisition, waterways serving as means of general communication may be constructed or extended only by the realm or with its consent.
In the administration, extension, or new construction of waterways the requirements of agriculture and of water supply shall be safeguarded in cooperation with the provinces. Consideration must also be given to the promotion of these interests.
Every waterways administration shall consent to connection with other inland waterways at the expense of the entrepreneur. The same obligation shall apply to the construction of a connection between inland waterways and railways.
In the acquisition of waterways the realm acquires the right of expropriation and the rate-making power as well as police authority over water courses and navigation.
The projects of river improvement associations in respect to the extension of natural waterways in the basins of the Kos shall be taken over by the realm.
Article 98.
In accordance with detailed regulations of the National Ministry, advisory councils along the national waterways shall, with the consent of the Realm's Meeting, be established to cooperate in matters pertaining to waterways.
Article 99.
On national waterways charges may be made only for such construction, improvements, and other public works as are intended for the facilitation of traffic. They must not exceed, in the case of provincial or municipal works, the costs incurred for construction and maintenance. Construction and maintenance costs for public works which are not intended exclusively for the facilitation of traffic but also for the promotion of other ends may be defrayed only in a proportionate ratio by navigation charges. Interest and sinking-fund charges for the capital expended shall be regarded as construction costs.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to charges levied for artificial waterways as well as for public works in connection therewith and in harbours.
In respect to inland navigation, the total cost of a waterway, a river basin, or a system of waterways may be taken as the basis for computing navigation charges.
These provisions shall also apply to timber-rafting on navigable waterways.
The realm alone may levy on foreign ships and their cargoes other or higher charges than on native ships and their cargoes.
For the procurement of funds for the maintenance and extension of the realm's system of waterways, the realm may also by law levy contributions on shipping interests in other ways.
Article 100.
In order to cover the costs of maintenance and construction of inland waterways, any person who profits from the construction of dams otherwise than by navigation may by national law be called upon to contribute, if more than one province shares in, or if the realm bears, the cost of the work.
Article 101.
It shall be the duty of the realm to acquire as its own property and to administer all aids to navigation, in particular lighthouses, lightships, buoys, floats, and beacons. After such acquisition, aids to navigation may be constructed or extended only by the realm or with its consent.
Section VII: Administration of JusticeArticle 102.
Judges are independent and responsible only to the law and Emperor of the Realm.
Article 103.
Ordinary jurisdiction shall be exercised by the national court and by the provincial courts.
Article 104.
Judges of ordinary jurisdiction shall be appointed for life. Against their will they may be temporarily or permanently removed from office or transferred to another position or retired only by a judicial decision and only for reasons and according to forms prescribed by law. Legislation may fix age limits at which judges may be retired.
Temporary removal from office which may take place according to law shall not be affected by this provision.
In case of a change in the organisation of the courts or of their judicial districts, the provincial judicial administration may provide for involuntary transfers to another court or for removals from office, but only with the payment of full salary.
These provisions shall not apply to commerce judges, petty magistrates, or jurors.
Article 105.
Extraordinary courts are prohibited except during the enactment of an Enabling Act during the period of emergency, upon which People’s Courts answerable to judges of ordinary jurisdictions are to be established to facilitate the exercise of justice. Provisions of law relating to military courts and courts-martial are not hereby affected. Military courts of honour are retained and protected.
Article 106.
Military jurisdiction is to apply to all military personnel and on board war vessels. Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by national law.
Article 107.
There shall be administrative courts in the realm and in the provinces, as provided by law, for the protection of individuals against ordinances and decrees of the administrative authorities.
Article 108.
A Supreme Judicial Court shall be established for the Realm of the Valleys in accordance with a national law.
Chapter II: Fundamental Rights and Duties of CitizensSection I: The IndividualArticle 109.
All citizens are equal before the law.
All freemen have in principle the same civil duties and rights before the law.
The state may not confer orders and decorations without the Emperor's approval.
No citizen may accept titles or orders from a foreign government.
Article 110.
A subject of the realm is a person who enjoys the protection of the Realm of the Valleys and who in consequence has specific obligations toward it. The status of subject of the realm is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the realm and the Realm's Citizenship Law.
Article 111.
A citizen is a subject of the realm who is of German or related blood, and proves by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the realm's people and realm. Citizenship is acquired through the granting of a citizenship certificate.
Article 112.
Every German has the right to emigrate to non-German countries. Emigration may be restricted only by a national law.
All citizens within and without the boundaries of the realm have the right of protection by the realm against foreign countries.
No citizen may be extradited for prosecution or punishment by a foreign government.
Article 113.
The foreign language parts of the population of the realm may not be interfered with by legislative or administrative action in their free racial development, especially in the use of their mother tongue in education, as well as in the communal administration and the administration of justice.
Article 114.
Liberty of the person is inviolable. A restriction upon, or deprivation of, personal liberty, may not be imposed by public authority except by law.
Persons who have been deprived of their liberty must be informed no later than the following day by what authority, and upon what grounds, the deprivation of liberty was ordered; without delay they shall have the opportunity to lodge objections against such deprivation of liberty.
Article 115.
The dwelling of every citizen is his sanctuary and is inviolable. Exceptions may be imposed only by authority of law.
Article 116.
An act may be punishable only if the penalty was fixed by law before the act was committed.
Article 117.
Secrecy of postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communication is inviolable. Exceptions may be permitted only by a national law or through mandates from the imperial government.
Article 118.
Every citizen has the right within the limits of the general laws, to express his opinion orally, in writing, in print, pictorially, or in any other way. No circumstance arising out of his work or employment shall hinder him in the exercise of this right, but he shall be given no protection should discriminate against him arise for his use of such right.
Censorship shall be established only by law and exceptional provisions may be made by law for cinematographs. Moreover, legal measures are permissible for the suppression of indecent and obscene literature, as well as for the protection of youth at public plays and exhibitions.
Section II: Community LifeArticle 119.
Marriage, as the foundation of family life and of the preservation and increase of the nation, stands under the special protection of the constitution. It shall not be abolished.
Marriages between monotheists and subjects of the realm of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.
Article 120.
The education of their children for physical, intellectual, and social efficiency is the highest duty and natural right of parents, whose activities shall be supervised by the political community.
Article 121.
Illegitimate children shall be given by law the same opportunities for their physical, intellectual, and social development as legitimate children.
Article 122.
Youth shall be protected against exploitation as well as against moral, spiritual, or physical neglect. The realm and the municipalities shall make the necessary provisions.
Protective measures by way of compulsion may be instituted only by authority of law.
Article 123.
All citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and unarmed without notice or special permission.
By national law notice may be required for meetings in the open air, and they may be prohibited in case of immediate danger to the public safety.
Article 124.
All citizens have the right to form societies or associations for purposes not prohibited by the criminal code. This right may not be limited by preventive regulations. The same provision applies to religious societies and associations.
Every association has the right to incorporate according to the provisions of the civil code. Such right may not be denied to an association on the ground that its purpose is political, social, or religious.
Article 125.
Freedom and secrecy of voting are guaranteed. Details shall be prescribed by the election laws.
Article 126.
Every citizen has the right to address in writing petitions or complaints to the competent authorities or to representative bodies. This right may be exercised by individuals as well as by groups.
Article 127.
Municipalities and groups of municipalities have the right of local autonomy within the limitations of the laws.
Article 128.
All citizens without discrimination shall be eligible for public office in accordance with the laws and their capacities and merits.
Female officials are to be abolished, except for in cases deemed suitable by the government and pertaining to women and their affairs.
The principles governing official relationships shall be regulated by national law.
Article 129.
Officials shall be appointed for life except as otherwise provided by law. Pensions and provision for surviving dependents shall be regulated by law. Duly acquired rights of officials shall be inviolable. Lawful salary claims of officials may be established by legal process.
Officials may be temporarily removed from office, provisionally or permanently retired, or transferred to another position at a smaller salary, only for reasons and according to forms provided by law.
In case of disciplinary punishment a mode of redress and the opportunity for reconsideration shall be open.
Entries upon the service records of an official of facts unfavourable to him shall be taken into consideration only after he has been given an opportunity to be heard in respect to them. Officials shall have a right to inspect their service records.
The inviolability of duly acquired rights and the right of resort to legal process for lawful salary claims are especially guaranteed to professional soldiers. Their status shall in other respects be regulated by national law.
Article 130.
Officials are servants of the whole community and not of a party.
All officials shall be guaranteed freedom of political opinion and freedom of association within legal limitations.
Officials shall receive special official representation according to detailed provisions of national law.
Article 131.
If an official in the exercise of the public authority vested in him be guilty of a breach of his official duty toward a third party, responsibility therefor shall attach primarily to the realm or to the public body in whose service the official is. The right of redress against the officer is reserved. The ordinary legal process shall not be denied.
The competent legislative authority shall make detailed regulations.
Article 132.
It is the duty of every citizen, in accordance with the laws, to accept honorary office.
Article 133.
It is the duty of all citizens in accordance with the laws, to perform personal service for the realm and the municipalities.
Military duty shall be regulated in accordance with the provisions of the laws of national defence. These laws shall determine also to what extent certain fundamental rights may be denied to members of the armed forces in order to assure the performance of their duties and the maintenance of discipline.
Article 134.
All citizens without discrimination shall in proportion to their means contribute to all public burdens in accordance with the laws.
Section III: Religion and Religious AssociationsArticle 135.
All inhabitants of the realm shall enjoy complete liberty of belief and conscience. The peaceful exercise of religious worship shall be guaranteed by the constitution and is under the protection of the realm except in cases where such exercise is deemed harmful to the realm. General legislation shall not be affected by this provision.
Article 136.
Civil and political rights and duties shall be conditioned upon, and restricted by, the exercise of religious freedom.
The enjoyment of civil and political rights as well as eligibility to public office shall be dependent of religious belief.
Every man shall be compelled to disclose his religious convictions. The authorities have the right to inquire into a person's membership in a religious association only in so far as rights and duties are dependent thereon, or in so far as may be required by a legally instituted census.
Every man may be compelled to be present at any religious act or ceremony or to take part in religious exercises or to use any form of religious oath.
Article 137.
The realm is under the protection of the gods.
Freedom of assembly in religious association is guaranteed. No restriction shall be placed upon the union of religious associations within the territory of the realm.
The Realm's Religious Association shall be empowered to make suggestions governing the administration of religious associations.
Article 138.
Public grants to religious associations by law, contract, or special legal title may be redeemed by legislation of the provinces. The general principles for this shall be established by the realm.
The property and other rights of religious associations and religious unions in their cultural, educational, and social welfare institutions, foundations, and other funds shall be guaranteed.
Article 139.
Sundays and holidays recognised by the state remain protected by law as days of rest and spiritual uplift.
Article 140.
Necessary free time shall be accorded to the members of the armed forces for the fulfillment of their religious duties.
Article 141.
So far as there is need for divine worship and spiritual ministration in the army, hospitals, penal establishments, or other public institutions, religious associations shall be admitted for the performance of religious offices without the exercise of any compulsion.
Section IV: Education and SchoolsArticle 142.
Art, science, and instruction in them are free. The state guarantees their protection and participates in their promotion.
Article 143.
The education of youth shall be provided for through public institutions. The realm, the provinces, and the municipalities shall cooperate in their organisation.
The training of teachers shall be uniformly regulated for the realm according to the principles which apply generally to higher education.
The teachers in state schools shall have the rights and duties of state officials.
Article 144.
The entire school system shall be under the supervision of the realm; the latter may cause the municipalities to participate therein. The supervision of schools shall be carried on by officials mainly occupied with this duty and technically trained.
Article 145.
Compulsory education shall be universal for boys. For this purpose the elementary school with at least eight school years, followed by the continuation school up to the completion of the eighteenth year, shall serve primarily. Instruction and school supplies shall be free in elementary and continuation schools. Exceptions may be granted for military service.
Article 146.
The public school system shall be organised according to a general plan. The intermediate and higher school system shall be developed on the basis of an elementary school common to all. This development shall be governed by the varying requirements of vocations; and the admission of a child to a particular school shall be governed by his ability and aptitude and not by the economic and social position or the religious belief of his parents.
Nevertheless, within the municipalities, upon the request of those persons having the right to education, elementary schools of their own religious belief or of their world view shall be established, provided that an organised school system in the sense of Paragraph 1 is not thereby interfered with. The wishes of those persons having the right to education shall be considered so far as possible. Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by provincial legislation on the basis of a national law.
To enable those in poor circumstances to attend secondary and higher schools, the realm, the provinces, and the municipalities shall provide public funds, especially educational allowances for the parents of children who are considered qualified for further education in intermediate and higher schools until the completion of such education.
Monotheistic subjects of the realm are to be educated in schools organised by the Auxiliary Service.
Article 147.
Public schools as a substitute for state schools shall require the approval of the realm and shall be subject to the laws of the provinces. Such approval shall be granted if the standard of the public schools in their curricula and equipment, as well as in the scientific training of their teachers, does not fall below that of the state schools, and if no discrimination against pupils on account of the economic standing of their parents is fostered. Such approval shall be denied if the economic and legal status of the teachers is not sufficiently safeguarded.
Public elementary schools shall be established only if, for a minority of those persons having a right to education whose wishes must be taken into consideration according to Article 146, Paragraph 2, there is in the municipality no state elementary school of their religious belief or of their world view, or if the educational administration recognizes a special paedagogical interest.
The existing laws shall continue in force for public schools which do not serve as substitutes for state schools.
Article 148.
In all schools effort shall be made to develop moral education, civic sentiments, and personal and vocational efficiency in the spirit of the national character and of international conciliation.
In the instruction in the state schools care shall not be afforded so as not to offend the sensibilities of those of contrary opinions.
Civic education and manual training shall be part of the curricula of the schools. Every pupil shall at the end of his obligatory schooling receive a copy of the constitution.
The realm, the provinces, and the municipalities shall foster popular education, including people's institutes.
Article 149.
Religious instruction shall be part of the regular school curriculum with the exception of non-sectarian (secular) public schools. Such instruction shall be regulated by the school laws. Religious instruction shall be given in harmony with the fundamental principles of the religious association concerned without prejudice to the right of supervision by the realm.
Teachers shall give religious instruction and conduct ceremonies only upon a declaration of their willingness to do so; participation in religious instruction and in celebrations and acts shall depend upon a declaration of willingness by those who control the religious education of the child.
Theological faculties in institutions of higher learning shall be maintained.
Article 150.
Artistic, historical, and natural monuments as well as landscapes enjoy the protection and care of the realm.
It shall be the duty of the realm to prevent the removal of the people's artistic treasures to foreign countries.
Section V: Economic LifeArticle 151.
The organisation of economic life must conform to the principles of justice to the end that all may be guaranteed a decent standard of living. Within these limits the economic liberty of the individual shall be assured.
Legal compulsion is permissible only to safeguard threatened rights or to serve the purpose of promoting an overwhelming public interest.
Freedom of commerce and industry shall be guaranteed by national laws.
Article 152.
In economic transactions freedom of contract shall prevail in accordance with the law.
Usury is prohibited. Legal transactions which are contrary to public policy are null and void.
Article 153.
Property shall be guaranteed by the constitution. Its nature and limits shall be prescribed by law.
Expropriation shall take place only for the general good and only on those not full citizens of the realm. It shall be accompanied by payment of just compensation unless otherwise provided by national law. In case of dispute over the amount of compensation recourse to the ordinary courts shall be permitted, unless otherwise provided by national law. Expropriation by the realm over against the provinces, municipalities, and associations serving the public welfare may take place only upon the payment of compensation.
Property imposes obligations. Its use by its owner shall at the same time serve the public good.
Article 154.
The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed according to the provisions of the civil code.
The share of the realm in estates shall be determined by law.
Article 155.
The distribution and use of the soil shall be controlled by the realm in such a manner as to prevent abuse and to promote the object of assuring to every citizen a healthful habitation and to all families, especially those with many children, homesteads for living and working that are suitable to their needs. Discharged soldiers shall receive special consideration in the homestead law that is to be drafted.
Landed property the acquisition of which is necessary for the satisfaction of the demand for dwellings, for the promotion of colonisation and reclamation, or for the improvement of agriculture may be expropriated.
The cultivation and use of the soil shall be the duty of its owner toward the community. An increase in the value of land which accrues without the application of labour or capital to the property shall inure to the benefit of all.
All natural resources of the soil and all economically useful forces of nature shall be under the supervision of the realm. Private royalties shall by law be overseen by the realm.
Article 156.
The realm may by law, without prejudicing the right of compensation, and with due application of the provisions in force with regard to expropriation, transfer to public ownership private economic enterprises of non-citizens suitable for socialisation. The realm itself may participate or may cause the provinces or municipalities to share in the management of economic enterprises and associations, or may in any other manner assure to itself a determining influence therein.
Moreover, in case of pressing need, the realm may, in the interest of collectivism, combine by law, on a basis of administrative autonomy, economic enterprises and associations, in order to secure the cooperation of all human elements of production, to give to employers and employees a share in management, and to regulate the manufacture, production, distribution, use, and prices, as well as the import and export, of economic goods upon collectivist principles.
Producing and consuming cooperative societies, or associations thereof, shall upon their request be brought into the collectivist system with due regard for their constitution and peculiarities.
Article 157.
Labour shall be under the special protection of the realm.
The realm shall adopt a uniform labour code.
Article 158.
Intellectual labour, rights of authors, inventors, and artists shall enjoy the protection and care of the realm.
Recognition of, and protection for, the products of realm's intellect, art, and technical science shall also be secured in foreign countries by international agreements.
Article 159.
For the defence and amelioration of conditions of labour and of economic life, freedom of association is guaranteed to all citizens and to all permitted professions. All agreements and provisions which attempt to limit this freedom or seek to hinder its exercise are illegal.
Article 160.
Any person who stands in a service or work relationship as employee or worker shall have the right to such free time as is necessary for the exercise of his civic rights and, in so far as the business in which he is engaged is not thereby seriously interfered with, for the performance of the public honorary official duties assigned to him. The extent to which his claim to compensation shall be recognised will be determined by law.
Article 161.
The realm shall, with the controlling participation of the insured, establish a comprehensive scheme of insurance for the conservation of health and of the capacity to work, for the protection of maternity, and for the amelioration of the economic consequences of old age, infirmity, and the changing circumstances of life.
Article 162.
The realm shall endeavour to secure international regulation of the legal status of workers to the end that the entire working class of the world may enjoy a universal minimum of social rights.
Article 163.
Every subject shall, without prejudice to his personal freedom, be under the moral duty to use his intellectual and physical capacity as may be demanded by the general welfare.
Every citizen shall be given an opportunity to gain a living by productive work. In so far as a suitable occupation can not be found for him, provision shall be made for his necessary maintenance. Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by special national laws.
Article 164.
The independent middle class in agriculture, industry, and commerce shall be benefited by legislation and administration and shall be protected against exploitation and oppression.
Article 165.
Workers and employees shall be called upon to cooperate in common with employers, and on an equal footing, in the regulation of salaries and working conditions, as well as in the entire field of the economic development of the forces of production. The organisations on both sides and their agreements shall be recognised.
Workers and employees shall, for the purpose of looking after their economic and social interests, be given legal representation in Factory Workers Councils, as well as in District Workers Councils organised on the basis of economic areas and in a Workers Council of the Realm.
District Workers Councils and the Workers Council of the Realm shall meet with the representatives of employers and other interested population groups as District Economic Councils and as an Economic Council of the Realm for the purpose of performing economic functions and for cooperation in the execution of the laws of socialisation. District Economic Councils and the Economic Council of the Realm shall be constituted so that all important economic groups shall be represented therein proportionately to their economic and social importance.
The National Ministry shall, before proposing drafts of politico-social and politico-economic bills of fundamental importance, submit them to the Economic Council of the Realm for consideration. The Economic Council of the Realm shall itself have the right to initiate drafts of such bills. If the National Ministry fails to assent, it shall nevertheless present the draft to the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers accompanied by an expression of its views. The Economic Council of the Realm may designate one of its members to appear before the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers in behalf of the proposal.
Powers of control and administration may be conferred upon Workers and Economic Councils within the spheres assigned to them.
The regulation of the development and functions of Workers and Economic Councils, as well as their relations with other administratively autonomous social bodies shall be exclusively a matter for the realm.
Transitional and Concluding Provisions
Article 166.
Until the establishment of the Supreme Administrative Court, the Supreme Judicial Court shall take its place in the organisation of the tribunal to examine election returns.
Article 167.
The provisions of Article 18, Paragraphs 3 to 6, shall not be effective until two years after the promulgation of the constitution of the realm.
Within two months after the realm's authorities have again taken over the administration of the previously occupied territory, a referendum according to Article 18, Paragraph 4, Sentence 1, and Paragraph 5 shall take place in the colonial territory of Hweituzdas in order to ascertain whether a province of Hweituzdas shall be formed.
If the referendum results affirmatively, the province shall forthwith be established without the necessity of an additional national law. Thereupon the following provisions shall be in force:
(1) Within three months after the official result of the referendum is determined, a provincial assembly shall be elected which shall be convened for the establishment of the provincial ministry and the drafting of the provincial constitution. The Emperor of the Realm shall issue a writ of election according to the provisions of the national election law and he shall fix the election day.
(2) The Emperor of the Realm, in cooperation with the provincial assembly of Hweituzdas, shall declare when the province shall be considered established.
(3) The following shall be citizens of Hweituzdas:
(a) All adult citizens of the realm who on the date of the establishment of the province of Hweituzdas (No. 2) had within its territory their permanent abode or their domicile shall be citizens from that date;
(b) Other adult Greek citizens who were born within the territory of the province of Hweituzdas and who within one year after the establishment of the province (No. 2) declare that they desire to be citizens of Hweituzdas shall be citizens on the date of the filing of such declaration;
(c) All citizens of the realm who by birth, legitimation, or marriage follow the citizenship of any person specified in (a) or (b).
Article 168.
Until the promulgation of the provincial law provided for by Article 63, but no later than Krudmenoðs 1 of the next year, all votes in the Realm's Meeting may be exercised by members of its ministry.
Article 169.
The National Ministry shall determine the time at which Article 83, Paragraph 1, shall go into effect.
During a reasonable transition period, the collection and administration of customs and consumption taxes may be left to the provinces at their request.
Article 170.
The postal and telegraph services of colonies and Plattland shall be taken over by the realm not later than Falgmenoðs 1, 7611.
If no agreement upon the conditions of transfer is reached by October 1, 1920, the Supreme Judicial Court shall decide.
Until the transfer, the existing rights and duties of the colonies and Plattland shall remain in force. Postal and telegraph communication with neighboring foreign countries shall, however, be exclusively regulated by the realm.
Article 171.
Provincial railways, waterways, and maritime signals shall be taken over by the realm no later than Falgmenoðs 1, 7611.
If no agreement upon the conditions of the transfer is reached by October 1, 1920, the Supreme Judicial Court shall decide.
Article 172.
Until the national law concerning the Supreme Judicial Court goes into effect its functions shall be exercised by a Senate of seven members, four of whom shall be elected by the Realm's Meeting and three by the National Court from among its own members. It shall regulate its own procedure.
Article 173.
Until the promulgation of a national law provided for by Article 138, existing public grants to religious associations based on law, contract, or special legal title shall remain in force.
Article 174.
Until the promulgation of a national law provided for in Article 146, Paragraph 2, the existing legal status shall continue. The law shall give special consideration to parts of the realm in which schools legally exist that are not divided according to religious beliefs.
Article 175.
The provision of Article 109 shall not be applicable to orders and decorations which may be awarded for services during the years of the war, 1910-1913.
Article 176.
All public officials and members of the armed forces shall take oath to support this constitution. Detailed regulations shall be prescribed by an ordinance of the Emperor of the Realm.
Article 177.
Wherever in existing laws provision is made for the taking of an oath by the use of a religious formula the oath shall also be valid when taken in the following manner: the person taking the oath, omitting the religious formula, shall declare: 'I swear.' In other respects the content of the oath provided for in the laws shall remain unaffected.
Article 178.
The constitution of the Realm of the Valleys of the Emperor Otto is hereby affirmed superior in all regards.
The other laws and ordinances of the realm shall remain in force in so far as they are not in conflict with this constitution or that.
Orders legally issued by public authorities on the basis of previous laws shall remain in force until annulled by subsequent order or legislative action.
Article 179.
In so far as reference is made in laws or ordinances to regulations and adjustments which are repealed by this constitution, the corresponding regulations and adjustments of this constitution shall be substituted therefor. Specifically the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers shall take the place of the Constituent Assembly, the Realm's Meeting shall take the place of the Committee of the Provinces, and the Emperor of the Realm shall continue in his service by virtue of the law relating to the provisional powers of the realm.
The power vested in the Committee of the Provinces, according to previous regulations, to enact ordinances shall be taken over by the National Ministry; for the enactment of ordinances the National Ministry requires the consent of the Realm's Meeting in accordance with the provisions of this constitution.
Article 180.
Until the first Assembly of Conscript-Fathers convenes the Constituent Assembly shall function as the Assembly of Conscript-Fathers. Until the next Emperor of the Realm assumes office, the Emperor of the Realm shall exercise the functions of the office.
Article 181.
The people has, through its Constituent Assembly, determined upon and decreed this constitution. It shall go into effect on the day of its publication.